We obtain similar results for wild-type cells by reexamining data collected in previous work. We find that the torque decreases linearly with speed, a result remarkably different from that for CCW rotation. Here, we measure the torque–speed relationship for cells that express large amounts of CheY and only spin their motors CW. This result is consistent with a “power-stroke” mechanism for torque generation. In this case, the torque declines slightly up to an intermediate speed called the “knee speed” after which it falls rapidly to zero. Previous measurements of the torque–speed relationship have been made with cells lacking the response regulator CheY that spin their motors exclusively CCW. The relationship between torque and speed is one of the most important measurable characteristics of the motor, used to distinguish specific mechanisms of motor rotation. Rotation in either direction has been thought to be symmetric and exhibit the same torques and speeds. Do the reverse if you are in the Southern Hemisphere.Cells of Escherichia coli are able to swim up gradients of chemical attractants by modulating the direction of rotation of their flagellar motors, which spin alternately clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW). When practicing witchcraft in the Northern Hemisphere, use a deosil motion to summon energy and a widdershins motion to banish. Deosil and widdershins are of equal value and neutral connotation – that is, neither is inherently good or evil. They reflect the natural movements of the Earth in the same way that cyclones spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Think of deosil and widdershins as two sides to the same coin. Counterclockwise is not a traditionally unlucky direction in that part of the world. But in the Southern Hemisphere, shadows cast by the sun move counterclockwise through the day. Celtic and other northern European folklore is filled with tales of bad stuff that happens to people who walk widdershins around a church or other holy site. To this day, being left-handed is considered unlucky and the "Left Hand Path" refers to black magic. Since the Celts were a Northern Hemisphere people, it is probably also thanks to them that widdershins gained the sinister connotation that it has today. If you stir a potion, you use an inward motion as if pressing your palm toward yourself.ĭeosil has positive, righteous associations in the minds of most Wiccans, probably because the ancient Celts venerated the sun. You travel around it while keeping it on your left-hand side. Picture yourself walking around your altar. You turn against the hands of the clock, shifting from the numeral 12 to face the numeral 11. Picture yourself standing at the center of a huge clock and facing the twelve o’clock position. If you stir a potion, you use an outward motion as if pressing the back of your hand away from yourself.Ĭounterclockwise motion is also known to Wiccans as “widdershins,” a Scottish term that may come from Middle German words for “opposite course” or “against the way.” It refers to a left-hand motion in which you are always turning to the left.
You travel around it while keeping it on your right-hand side. You turn with the hands of the clock, shifting from the numeral 12 to face the numeral 1. It is a spell enhancer that should not be overlooked.Ĭlockwise motion is also known to Wiccans as “deosil,” which may have come from ancient Gaelic words for “sunwise” or “toward the sun.” It refers to a right-hand motion in which you are always turning to the right. But the concept of clockwise (deosil) and counterclockwise (widdershins) is a powerful way to sharpen your intent and work with energy. You can do witchcraft without paying attention to movement and direction. You might be walking in a circle around your altar, stirring a potion, or pointing with your wand or athame. Clockwise and counterclockwise refer to the direction in which you move when practicing witchcraft and ritual.
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